Temporal transcriptional and functional dynamics of jejunal mucosal response to early weaning in piglets

Early-life adversity, including abrupt weaning, imposes significant psychosocial and environmental stress during a critical window of gastrointestinal (GI) development, leading to long-term consequences for gut function and disease susceptibility. In piglets, early weaning profoundly disrupts GI development, altering the intestinal epithelial barrier, reshaping immune function, and inducing lasting changes in the enteric nervous system. Despite these adverse outcomes, the early molecular mechanisms that initiate these alterations and set the gut on a divergent developmental trajectory remain poorly understood. Here, we used RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses to delineate early transcriptional changes in the jejunal mucosa of early-weaned male castrates compared with unweaned littermates. Ex vivo Ussing chamber experiments validated functional changes associated with these transcriptional alterations. Weaning triggered rapid transcriptional shifts observable within 3 h, including suppressed mitochondrial energy production and increased glucose transporter expression. Pathway analysis revealed upregulation of ion channel transport genes (KCN, SCN, TRP, SLC) and neurotransmitter receptors (cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic), indicating early neuronal adaptations. Functional assays confirmed enhanced SGLT-mediated glucose transport and neural-evoked secretory responses 24 h postweaning, supporting transcriptomic findings. These findings reveal previously unexamined early transcriptional and functional changes that may serve as inciting mechanisms altering gut trajectory during this critical developmental window, providing new insight into how psychosocial stress and early weaning contribute to long-term gut dysfunction, with broader implications for preterm birth, neonatal GI injury, and other early-life stressors that impact lifelong GI health.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Early-life stress is linked to long-term gut dysfunction, but the initiating events remain unclear. This study shows that early weaning triggers a rapid, integrated jejunal response involving metabolic suppression, altered glucose transport, and heightened enteric nervous system activity. These findings identify a critical developmental inflection point in gut maturation and offer new mechanistic insight into how early adversity shapes lifelong gastrointestinal health, informing strategies to prevent chronic disease in animals and humans.