Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
Published on: June 21, 2017
Cobalt-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydroalkylation of Oxa- or Azabicyclic Alkenes
Xu-Yang Liu1, Jia-Wang Wang2,3, Deguang Liu1
1State Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
Abstract:
Bridged bicyclic structures, exemplified by rigid oxa- and azabicyclic alkanes, are pivotal scaffolds in drug design and natural product synthesis due to their three-dimensional architecture and inherent ring strain. Functionalization of readily available bicyclic alkenes provides a potential pathway to synthesizing molecules with complex cyclic structures. However, strained bicyclic alkenes exhibit thermodynamic reactivity driven by strain energy release, which predominantly favors ring-opening pathways. In contrast, ring-retentive hydroalkylation─a direct method for synthesizing complex bridged bicyclic architectures─remains underdeveloped. Here, we present a cobalt-catalyzed enantioselective hydroalkylation strategy for bicyclo[2.2.1]alkenes that enables ring-retentive addition while constructing tertiary carbon stereocenters within oxa- or azabicyclic frameworks. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the hydrometalation of alkenes serves as the selectivity-determining step, where noncovalent interactions between the catalyst and substrate govern stereoisomeric differentiation. The protocol demonstrates broad compatibility with diverse alkyl iodides and bicyclo[2.2.1]alkenes, facilitating late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules and enabling the efficient synthesis of antifungal agents with potent activity.
Related Concept Videos
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes
Acid-Catalyzed α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones
In the first step of the mechanism, the acid protonates the carbonyl oxygen resulting in a resonance-stabilized cation, which subsequently loses an α-hydrogen to form an enol tautomer. The C=C bond in an enol is highly nucleophilic because of the electron-donating nature of the –OH group. Consequently, the double bond attacks an electrophilic halogen to form a...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

