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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography
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Kidney stone classification by speckle x-ray imaging.

Werneri A Lindberg1,2, Henning Richter3, Fayez Alfayez4

  • 1Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|September 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Speckle-based dark-field X-ray imaging shows promise for non-invasively classifying urinary stones. This study found a periodic grid mask most suitable, paving the way for clinical applications in stone diagnosis.

Keywords:
kidney stone identificationnon-invasive urinary calculus diagnosissingle-shot dark-field x-ray imagingspeckle mask properties

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Urinary stone diseases affect 6% globally, with high recurrence rates.
  • Accurate stone classification is crucial for diagnosis and management.
  • Current imaging lacks sensitivity and specificity for precise stone classification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate custom diffuser masks and retrieval algorithms for speckle-based dark-field X-ray imaging.
  • To assess the efficacy of single-shot dark-field imaging for urinary stone classification.
  • To explore the potential for non-invasive urinary stone classification using advanced X-ray techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic comparison of custom diffuser masks and retrieval algorithms for ex vivo urinary stones.
  • Utilized single-shot dark-field imaging at 80 kVp X-ray energy.
  • Evaluated grid and custom speckle masks with state-of-the-art retrieval algorithms.

Main Results:

  • Canine ammonium urate exhibited the most distinct visibility contrast difference (32%).
  • Potential to differentiate stones into three groups: ammonium urate, calcium-based, and cystine/struvite.
  • Periodic grid masks were most suitable; Fokker-Planck retrieval recommended for image quality.

Conclusions:

  • Speckle-based dark-field X-ray imaging offers a viable non-invasive method for urinary stone classification.
  • Periodic grid masks and Fokker-Planck retrieval show strong potential for clinical translation.
  • This study establishes a technical foundation for advancing X-ray imaging in urolithiasis management.