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Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

58.3K
Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

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Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...
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Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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Voltaic/Galvanic Cells02:47

Voltaic/Galvanic Cells

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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
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[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
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Decoding the redox behaviour of copper in Ullmann-type coupling reactions.

Yongrui Luo1, Yuli Li2,3, Botao Wu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

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This study reveals a novel copper catalytic cycle involving copper(I), copper(III), and copper(II) intermediates. Understanding this complex redox sequence provides new insights into copper-catalyzed aryl halide functionalization reactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Synthetic Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Copper-catalyzed functionalization of aryl halides is crucial for C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation.
  • The precise redox behavior of copper species in these catalytic cycles remains poorly understood and debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of copper-catalyzed reactions between Cu(I) complexes and aryl iodides.
  • To elucidate the redox sequence and identify key intermediates in the catalytic cycle.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental mechanistic investigations using a well-defined Cu(I) complex and an electron-poor aryl iodide.
  • Theoretical mechanistic studies.
  • Spectroscopic methods to capture transient copper species at controlled temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Isolation and characterization of a Cu(III)-aryl complex.
  • Identification of a Cu(I)/Cu(III)/Cu(II)/Cu(III)/Cu(I) redox sequence.
  • Demonstration of temperature-dependent control over the catalytic cycle, allowing intermediate capture.

Conclusions:

  • The findings challenge traditional mechanistic proposals for Cu(I)-aryl iodide reactions.
  • Provides a detailed understanding of copper species' intricate behavior in catalytic coupling.
  • Offers new perspectives on copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.