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Dielectric split-pin unit cell for gradient index lenses implementation by using 3D-printing

Optics Express +

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September 23, 2025

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September 23, 2025

View abstract on PubMed

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a 3D-printable dielectric split-pin unit cell for creating graded index (GRIN) lenses. This innovative design simplifies fabrication and enables precise control over refractive index profiles for high-frequency devices.

Area Of Science

  • Electromagnetics and Metamaterials
  • Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing
  • Microwave and RF Engineering

Background

  • Graded index (GRIN) lenses are crucial for controlling electromagnetic wave propagation.
  • Traditional GRIN lens fabrication can be complex and costly.
  • 3D printing offers a promising avenue for fabricating intricate GRIN lens structures.

Purpose Of The Study

  • To design and implement a novel dielectric split-pin unit cell for GRIN lens fabrication.
  • To leverage 3D printing technology for simplified and cost-effective GRIN lens manufacturing.
  • To enable precise control over refractive index profiles for advanced optical and RF applications.

Main Methods

  • A dielectric split-pin unit cell comprising metallic plates and dielectric pins was designed.
  • Parametric analysis was performed to determine unit cell dimensions for desired refractive indices.
  • Four types of GRIN lenses (Maxwell, Luneburg, Gutman, Fission) were designed for 20 GHz operation.
  • Full-wave simulations and experimental measurements were used for validation.

Main Results

  • The dielectric split-pin unit cell design facilitates the creation of variable refractive index profiles.
  • Parametric studies successfully identified unit cell dimensions for achieving target refractive indices.
  • Simulations and measurements confirmed the accurate performance of designed GRIN lenses.
  • The fabricated lens demonstrated good agreement with theoretical predictions.

Conclusions

  • The proposed dielectric split-pin unit cell is a viable and effective approach for 3D printing GRIN lenses.
  • This method simplifies GRIN lens fabrication, making it suitable for practical high-frequency applications.
  • The study validates the potential of additive manufacturing for advanced electromagnetic devices.