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Ultrahigh-sensitivity liquid-core FMZI enabled by modal dispersion engineering with side-polished hollow-core

Cheng-Ling Lee, Yi-Hua Wu, Ying-Zhen Huang

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    We developed an ultrahigh-sensitivity liquid-core fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (FMZI) using modal dispersion engineering. This novel design achieves over +80 nm/°C temperature sensitivity, offering predictable and adaptive performance for sensing applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Physics
    • Fiber Optics
    • Interferometry

    Background:

    • Fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers (FMZIs) are crucial optical sensing devices.
    • Conventional silica-core FMZIs have limitations in sensitivity and tunability.
    • Hollow-core fibers (HCFs) offer unique properties for integrated optical devices.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present an ultrahigh-sensitivity liquid-core (LC) fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (FMZI).
    • To demonstrate a novel approach using modal dispersion engineering in HCFs.
    • To develop a theoretical framework for predicting temperature sensitivity in LC-FMZIs.

    Main Methods:

    • Integration of a 10 µm-core liquid-filled HCF (HCF10) between side-polished large-core HCFs.
    • Tailoring modal dispersion of the liquid core to control effective index differences.
    • Derivation of an analytical formulation relating temperature sensitivity to spectral dispersion.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved average temperature sensitivities exceeding +80 nm/°C with Cargille liquid.
    • Demonstrated reversed interference behaviors compared to silica-core FMZIs.
    • Confirmed strong dependence of sensitivity on interference wavelength and mode coupling order.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed dispersion-engineered LC-FMZI configuration enables predictable and adaptive temperature sensitivity.
    • The analytical formulation provides a robust tool for designing high-performance fiber optic sensors.
    • This work advances the development of advanced optical fiber sensing technologies.