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Structured all-optical domain inversion in iron-doped lithium niobate.

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    Structured light enables precise control over domain patterns in lithium niobate via all-optical methods. This technique allows for the fabrication of diverse 2D domain structures for advanced optical applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Photonics
    • Nonlinear Optics

    Background:

    • All-optical domain inversion in lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a key technique for fabricating nonlinear optical devices.
    • Previous methods were limited to using Gaussian beams, restricting pattern complexity and control.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the use of structured light for fabricating 2D domain patterns in lithium niobate.
    • To investigate the relationship between domain growth dynamics and light exposure parameters.
    • To demonstrate precise control over domain shape and size using amplitude-modulated visible laser light.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized amplitude-modulated continuous-wave visible laser light controlled by a spatial light modulator.
    • Employed 3D second-harmonic generation (SHG) laser scanning microscopy, SHG k-spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy for domain evaluation.
    • Analyzed domain growth dynamics in relation to light field amplitude and exposure duration.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated the fabrication of various 2D domain patterns using structured light.
    • Observed initial nanodomain growth aligned with crystallographic directions, followed by shape determination based on light field amplitude and exposure time.
    • Successfully created uniform single and multiple spatially shaped domains with lateral extensions from 300 nm to over 400 μm.

    Conclusions:

    • Structured light offers a versatile and effective method for controlling domain inversion in lithium niobate.
    • The findings highlight the potential for shaping quasi-phase-matched optical processes by precisely controlling domain formation.
    • This technique advances the fabrication of complex optical devices with tailored nonlinear properties.