The Impact of Temporal Expectation on Unconscious Inhibitory Processing: A Computational Analysis Using Hierarchical...

Numerous studies have shown that motor inhibition can be triggered automatically when the cognitive system encounters interfering stimuli, even a suspicious stimulus in the absence of perceptual awareness (e.g., the negative compatibility effect). This study investigated the effect of temporal expectation, a top-down active preparation for future events, on unconscious inhibitory processing both in the local expectation context on a trial-by-trial basis (Experiment 1) and in the global expectation context on a block-wise basis (Experiment 2). Modeling of the behavioral data using a drift-diffusion model showed that temporal expectation can accelerate the evidence accumulation and improve response caution, regardless of context. Importantly, the acceleration is lower when the target is consistent with the suspicious response tendency induced by the subliminal prime than when the target is inconsistent with that, which is significantly correlated with the behavioral RTs (i.e., the compatibility effect). The results provide evidence for a framework in which temporal expectation enhances inhibitory control of unconscious processes. The mechanism is likely to be that temporal expectation enhances the activations afforded by subliminal stimuli and the strength of cognitive monitoring, so that the cognitive system suppresses these suspicious activations more strongly, preventing them from escaping and interfering with subsequent processing.