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Author Spotlight: Simple Establishment of a Vascularized Osteogenic Bone Marrow Niche Using Pre-Cast Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (PEG) Hydrogels in an Imaging Microplate
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Porous Additively Manufactured PEKK Improves In Vitro Osteoblastic Performance Compared to PEEK.

Paul M DeSantis1, Emma Barnes1, Tabitha Derr1

  • 1Implant Research Core, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
|September 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) shows improved cell attachment and osteoblastic performance compared to Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for implant applications. PEKK surfaces are smoother and better replicate desired geometries, suggesting enhanced biocompatibility.

Keywords:
3D printingPEEKPEKKadditive manufacturingpolyetheretherketone

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Implants
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a common thermoplastic for permanent implants.
  • Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), a related material, offers tunable properties.
  • Differences in PEKK's structure may enhance cellular interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the in vitro osteoblastic performance of PEKK and PEEK.
  • To investigate if PEKK's surface characteristics improve cell adhesion.
  • To evaluate the printing accuracy of porous PEKK implants.

Main Methods:

  • Printing of solid and porous PEKK and PEEK samples.
  • Culture of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts on samples for 28 days.
  • Analysis of cell attachment, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization.
  • Evaluation of surface roughness using laser confocal microscopy and printing accuracy via Micro-CT.

Main Results:

  • PEKK demonstrated significantly higher cell attachment, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteoblastic mineralization than PEEK.
  • PEKK samples exhibited smoother surfaces at the micron scale compared to PEEK.
  • Micro-CT analysis indicated PEKK samples more accurately reproduced target porous geometries.

Conclusions:

  • PEKK exhibits superior in vitro biocompatibility compared to PEEK for bone implant applications.
  • PEKK's surface properties and printing fidelity contribute to enhanced osteoblastic performance.
  • PEKK warrants further investigation as a promising alternative to PEEK in permanent implants.