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Related Concept Videos

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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Why depolarization is hard: Evaluating attempts to decrease partisan animosity in America.

Derek E Holliday1, Yphtach Lelkes2, Sean J Westwood3

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 23, 2025
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Affective polarization interventions show modest, short-term effects on reducing animosity. Stacking or repeating treatments does not enhance impact, suggesting a need for broader strategies beyond individual-level change.

Keywords:
depolarizationpartisan animositypolarization

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Area of Science:

  • Political Science
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Affective polarization significantly impacts American politics.
  • Existing interventions aim to reduce partisan animosity, but their long-term efficacy is uncertain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of interventions designed to reduce affective polarization.
  • To assess whether combining or repeating interventions enhances their impact on partisan animosity.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-analysis of 77 treatments from 25 studies was conducted.
  • Two large-scale experiments tested the effects of stacked and repeated interventions.

Main Results:

  • The average treatment effect on animosity was a modest 5.4-point shift, decaying within two weeks.
  • Neither stacking multiple treatments nor repeating them over time yielded substantially larger or more durable reductions in animosity.

Conclusions:

  • Current individual-level interventions have limited scalability for reducing societal-level conflict.
  • Lasting depolarization likely requires addressing elite behaviors and structural incentives fueling partisan conflict.