Capripoxvirus Infections: Advances in Diagnosis and Strategic Control Measures

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Virology
• Animal Health
• Disease Epidemiology

Background:

• Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) are Capripoxviruses (CaPV) causing severe economic impact in small and large ruminants.
• These viruses manifest with diverse clinical signs including skin lesions, respiratory distress, and reproductive issues, leading to reduced productivity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in the detection and differentiation of Capripoxviruses.
• To outline strategic control measures for Capripoxvirus infections in enzootic regions.
• To discuss the role of current and emerging vaccines in disease management.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent diagnostic technologies for CaPV detection, including multiplexed serology, isothermal amplification (e.g., recombinase polymerase reaction), CRISPR-Cas12a assays, and advanced sequencing.
• Analysis of control strategies encompassing public awareness, vector control, biosecurity, and vaccination.
• Evaluation of vaccine efficacy, including live attenuated, cross-protective, multivalent, and recombinant options.

Main Results:

• Recent diagnostic tools offer improved sensitivity and specificity for CaPV detection and differentiation.
• Effective control requires a multi-faceted approach combining diagnostics, biosecurity, vector control, and vaccination.
• Live attenuated vaccines are effective, and emerging vaccine technologies promise broader protection and simplified management.

Conclusions:

• Breaking the transmission cycle of Capripoxviruses is essential to mitigate substantial economic losses in the livestock industry.
• Integrated disease management strategies incorporating advanced diagnostics and robust vaccination programs are vital for controlling CaPV.
• Continued research into novel vaccines and diagnostic methods will further enhance disease control efforts.