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Developmental Changes in the Association Between Heart Rate Variability and Peer Success Across Early Elementary

Danielle R Rice1, Lisa M Gatzke-Kopp1, Zachary Fisher1

  • 1Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.

Psychophysiology
|September 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Higher heart rate variability (HRV) may influence children's social success differently across development. Early childhood may involve environmental sensitivity, while later years might reflect emotion regulation (ER) skills.

Keywords:
biological sensitivity to contextemotion regulationheart rate variabilityteacher–child relationships

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Area of Science:

  • Child Development
  • Psychophysiology
  • Social Neuroscience

Background:

  • Associations between heart rate variability (HRV) and emotion regulation (ER) are established in adults but inconsistent in children.
  • The functional role of baseline HRV in childhood, particularly concerning environmental influences, remains unclear.
  • Peer success is a key indicator of age-appropriate ER development in early childhood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental interplay between baseline HRV, teacher-child closeness, and school year on peer success.
  • To test two frameworks: direct ER effects versus environmental sensitivity (ES) effects of HRV.
  • To examine how these factors influence children's social development across kindergarten, first, and second grade.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal study involving 339 children (mean age 66.32 months).
  • Data collected across three school years (kindergarten, first, second grade).
  • Statistical analysis of a three-way interaction: baseline HRV, teacher-child closeness, and school year predicting peer success.

Main Results:

  • Kindergarten findings partially supported the environmental sensitivity (ES) framework.
  • First-grade findings tentatively aligned with the emotion regulation (ER) framework.
  • The functional meaning of baseline HRV appears to shift developmentally.

Conclusions:

  • The implications of baseline HRV for children's social success are context- and age-dependent.
  • Environmental sensitivity may be a key function of HRV in early childhood.
  • Future research should consider developmental trajectories when examining HRV and social outcomes.