Management and Outcomes of Brachial Plexus Injuries after Shoulder Dislocation: A Systematic Review

Background: Brachial plexus (BP) injuries are a known complication of shoulder dislocation, yet optimal management strategies remain unclear. This systematic review aims to evaluate the outcomes and treatment approaches for BP injuries following shoulder dislocation. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines across four databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science. Eligible studies included human subjects with BP injuries following shoulder dislocation. Data extraction and risk of bias (ROB) assessment were independently performed by two reviewers. Due to heterogeneity amongst the studies, a meta-analysis was not conducted. Results: Out of 2,060 initial studies, 9 met the inclusion criteria, encompassing a total of 255 patients (256 limbs) with a mean age of 55.9 ± 16.0 years. Of these, 193 (75.7%) had BP injuries post dislocation. Conservative management was the most common treatment (149 cases, 67.4%), followed by neurolysis ± nerve transfer (44 cases, 19.9%) and nerve repair (28 cases, 12.7%). Amongst 133 patients with reported BP injury patterns, the posterior cord was most frequently involved (38.3%). Sensory and motor recovery was observed in 51.6% and 45.2% of patients respectively, with 60.4% of patients achieving MRC grade ≥ 4 in studies that reported this metric. The mean follow-up period was 28.4 months. Conclusions: BP injuries following shoulder dislocation are uncommon but clinically significant. Conservative treatment remains the predominant approach, though surgical interventions may offer improved functional recovery in selected cases. Level of Evidence: Level III (Therapeutic).