Recent advances in interface engineering for photoelectrochemical detection of new pollutants

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing has become a hot research topic due to its low cost and ideal sensitivity and has received widespread attention. However, the inherent complexity of multiple charge separation, transfer, and recombination pathways poses a major challenge. Inefficient charge separation, rapid recombination, and sluggish interfacial reactions of photogenerated carriers collectively limit photoelectric performance and compromise long-term operational stability. Moreover, conventional surface functionalization with insulating biorecognition macromolecules-commonly used to enhance specificity-often leads to reduced sensitivity due to suppressed charge transfer. These limitations underscore the urgent need for advanced surface and interface engineering strategies to improve PEC sensing efficiency and stability. We have provided a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in PEC interface engineering, with a focus on three key aspects: transfer channel, interface catalysis, and interface recognition. Significant research milestones in the detection of new pollutants using engineered PEC interfaces are highlighted. Through critical analysis and comparative discussion, we evaluate the advantages and limitations of various interface design strategies. Finally, we outline future directions and opportunities for developing next-generation PEC sensors with enhanced performance, emphasizing the pivotal role of rational interface engineering in achieving efficient, selective, and durable PEC sensing platforms.