Development of a Surgical Training Model for Pericardial Window in Cardiac Tamponade

Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition that may require a surgical pericardial window. However, due to the rarity and urgency of such cases, opportunities for hands-on procedural training are limited. We developed and evaluated a physical training model that simulates cardiac tamponade and allows for practice of the pericardial window procedure. The model was constructed using layered anatomical structures and simulated blood to replicate tamponade physiology. Emergency physicians and surgeons performed pericardiotomy using the model, after which a structured survey was conducted to assess its realism, educational value, and the participants' confidence in performing the procedure. Eight emergency or trauma physicians completed the procedure using the model and responded to the survey. The median participant age was 42 years, and three had no prior operative experience. The model received high ratings for both realism and educational value (median Likert score: 4). This simulation model provides a realistic, reproducible, and portable platform for training in rare, high-acuity procedures without the need for live patients. It may help bridge the gap in emergency care and support curriculum development for surgical education.