A review of deep learning methods in aquatic animal husbandry

Aquatic animal husbandry is crucial for global food security and supports millions of livelihoods around the world. With the growing demand for seafood, this industry has become economically significant for many regions, contributing to local and global economies. However, as the industry grows, it faces various major challenges that are not encountered in small-scale setups. Traditional methods for classifying, detecting, and monitoring aquatic animals are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to inaccuracies. The labor-intensive nature of these operations has led many aquaculture operators to move towards automation systems. Yet, for an automation system to be effectively deployed, it needs an intelligent decision-making system, which is where deep learning techniques come into play. In this article, an extensive methodological review of machine learning methods, primarily the deep learning methods used in aquatic animal husbandry are concisely summarized. This article focuses on the use of deep learning in three key areas: classification, localization, and segmentation. Generally, classification techniques are vital in distinguishing between different species of aquatic organisms, while localization methods are used to identify the respective animal's position within a video or an image. Segmentation techniques, on the other hand, enable the precise delineation of organism boundaries, which is essential information in accurate monitoring systems. Among these key areas, segmentation techniques, particularly through the U-Net model, have shown the best results, even achieving a high segmentation performance of 94.44%. This article also highlights the potential of deep learning to enhance the precision, productivity, and sustainability of automated operations in aquatic animal husbandry. Looking ahead, deep learning offers huge potential to transform the aquaculture industry in terms of cost and operations. Future research should focus on refining existing models to better address real-world challenges such as sensor input quality and multi-modal data across various environments for better automation in the aquaculture industry.