Recent advances in applications of nanoparticles and decellularized ECM for organoid engineering

Organoids have emerged as a transformative in vitro platform, offering reliable recapitulation of human tissue architecture and function compared to conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Concurrently, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have been integrated into organoid systems to enhance scaffold functionality and expand their application in drug delivery, toxicity screening, and disease modeling. Furthermore, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has attracted wide attention for its application in organoid culture, as it provides tissue-specific biochemical and mechanical cues that more closely resemble the native niche, thereby promoting organoid maturation. This review summarizes recent studies that explore how NPs and dECM contribute to the growth and maturation of organoids. It further discusses their applications in therapeutic development and disease modeling, as well as emerging strategies toward refined organoid platforms. Lastly, we outlined how the combined utilization of NPs and dECM may further improve organoid research by enhancing both structural and functional complexity. Together, these approaches support the advancement for developing multifunctional organoid models with broad applicability in disease modeling, therapeutic screening, and regenerative medicine.