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Updated: Jan 17, 2026
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The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
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Intimate Partner Violence and Paramedicine: An Updated Scoping Review of Perspectives and Practices
Jeremy R Caspell1,2, Keilin Gorman3, Tori N Stranges4
1Faculty of Science, Open Learning, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada.
Prehospital Emergency Care
|September 24, 2025
Summary
Emergency Medical Services (EMS) clinicians need better training to address intimate partner violence (IPV). Current education is insufficient, limiting their ability to effectively help survivors and collect useful data.
Area of Science:
- Emergency medicine
- Public health
- Social sciences
Background:
- Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health issue requiring clinical attention.
- Emergency Medical Services (EMS) clinicians frequently encounter IPV situations.
- The intersection of paramedicine and IPV response is not well understood.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize existing evidence on the role and practice of EMS clinicians in addressing IPV.
- To identify gaps in knowledge and practice regarding EMS and IPV.
- To inform future interventions and research in this area.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines.
- Searches conducted in MEDLINE and CINAHL, supplemented by gray literature.
- Data extraction and synthesis of 34 included articles examining EMS clinician perceptions and practices related to IPV.
Main Results:
- EMS clinicians are motivated to help IPV survivors but report inadequate training and low self-efficacy.
- There is a lack of specific considerations for the paramedicine environment in IPV care.
- Variations in policy and regulations contribute to inconsistent practices, and the utility of EMS-collected data is unclear.
Conclusions:
- Current literature is insufficient to guide EMS practice in IPV, due to heterogeneity and limited studies.
- Further research is needed to develop educational and policy interventions for EMS clinicians.
- Improving EMS clinician preparedness will benefit IPV survivors and the broader healthcare system.
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