Emerging nano-electrochemical platforms for Salmonella typhimurium detection

Salmonella typhimurium is among the most frequent food borne pathogens, posing serious risks to human health and food safety globally. Rapid, sensitive, and consistent Salmonella typhimurium detection is critical for disease control and prevention. Traditional microbiological and molecular approaches, while widely utilized, have constraints such as time requirements, the need for experienced manpower, and complex sample preparation. In recent years, nano-electrochemical biosensors have developed as viable alternatives, with increased sensitivity, selectivity, and portability. These platforms combine nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, and metal oxide nanocomposite with electrochemical transduction techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The unique physicochemical features of nanomaterials dramatically magnify electrochemical signals, allowing for real-time and low-cost detection of Salmonella typhimurium at trace levels. To emphasise their performance and practical application, a thorough table summarises their essential aspects, which include bio-recognition elements, transduction methodologies, detection limits, reaction periods, and target genes. This review highlights the expanding potential of current breakthroughs in nano-electrochemical sensing systems for Salmonella typhimurium detection, with an emphasis on the involvement of nanotechnology, bio-recognition elements (such as antibodies, aptamers, and DNA probes), and the underlying electrochemical principles. The emphasis is on integrating these platforms into portable, field-deployable devices for point-of-care diagnostics. The paper continues by addressing present problems, such as sensor stability and specificity in complex matrices, as well as future potential for developing next-generation biosensors to detect Salmonella typhimurium and other food borne pathogens.