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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Related Experiment Video

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In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy
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Can predictive and functional methods locate the dysplastic hip joint center?

Michael D Harris1, Emma C Behrman2, Keith R Lohse2

  • 1Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 1101, St. Louis, MO 63108-2212, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Gait & Posture
|September 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

For developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), the predictive Harrington (pelvis-only) method is the most accurate for locating the hip joint center (HJC) when imaging is unavailable. This finding aids biomechanical analysis in DDH patients.

Keywords:
Developmental dysplasia of the hipDysplasiaHipHip joint center

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Accurate hip joint center (HJC) identification is crucial for biomechanical analysis, especially in populations with hip deformities like developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).
  • Previous research has focused on HJC localization accuracy in normally shaped hips, with limited data for DDH.
  • This study addresses the need for validated HJC methods in DDH patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the accuracy of three functional and four predictive hip joint center (HJC) localization methods against a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based anatomic method in patients with DDH.
  • To determine the most accurate HJC method for individuals with DDH.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated accuracy by calculating the resultant vector distance between predicted and anatomic HJCs derived from MRI.
  • Assessed bias using distance errors along anatomical directions.
  • Tested accuracy and bias in 30 DDH patients and 20 controls using multiple HJC methods and two pelvic segment alignment techniques.

Main Results:

  • The predictive Harrington (pelvis-only) method demonstrated the highest accuracy (smallest resultant errors) in the majority of DDH patients across both alignment techniques.
  • The Harrington (pelvis-only) method exhibited the lowest or near-lowest directional bias in DDH patients.
  • In control subjects, the Harrington (pelvis-only) method showed competitive accuracy, though no single method was definitively superior.

Conclusions:

  • The predictive Harrington (pelvis-only) method is recommended as the most suitable hip joint center (HJC) localization technique for dysplastic hips when imaging data is unavailable.
  • This finding supports improved biomechanical assessments in individuals with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).