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Prokaryotic evolution shapes specialized communities in long term engineered pit mud ecosystem.

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Microbial communities in Chinese liquor pit mud evolve from generalists to specialists over time. This adaptation enhances organic acid metabolism and ecosystem stability for biotechnological applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Understanding microbial community dynamics is key for engineering stable microbiomes.
  • Pit mud, used in Chinese liquor fermentation for centuries, represents an aged, engineered ecosystem.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate prokaryotic evolution and community shifts in pit mud over time.
  • To identify the factors driving microbial adaptation in this unique environment.

Main Methods:

  • Metagenomic analysis of 120 pit mud samples from different aging periods.
  • Analysis of taxonomic composition, functional potential (hydrolytic and metabolic), and environmental drivers.

Main Results:

  • A clear transition from generalist-dominated to specialist-enriched prokaryotic communities was observed with pit mud age.
  • Hydrolytic potential decreased, while organic acid metabolism, particularly short-chain fatty acid turnover via syntrophy, methanogenesis, and carbon chain elongation, increased.
  • Key taxonomic shifts included decreases in Proteiniphilum and Petrimonas, and increases in Methanobacterium and Caproicibacter.
  • Nutrient availability influenced early community structure, while environmental stress dominated mature systems.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term prokaryotic adaptation in pit mud leads to specialized, stable microbial communities.
  • These findings provide insights for designing resilient microbial consortia for biotechnological applications.