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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Related Experiment Video

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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Oncolytic Virotherapy in Solid Tumors: A Current Review.

Courtney Chen1,2, Jennifer Cillis1, Supriya Deshpande1

  • 1Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.

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Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are promising cancer therapies that selectively destroy tumor cells and activate immune responses. This review details OV mechanisms, modifications, and combination therapies for solid tumors.

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Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Virology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are viruses that selectively infect and lyse cancer cells.
  • They offer a novel immunotherapeutic approach, particularly for solid tumors resistant to conventional treatments.
  • OVs are relevant due to their tumor tropism and ability to activate anti-tumor immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an in-depth review of major oncolytic viruses.
  • To discuss their mechanisms of action, modifications, and combination therapies.
  • To cover current pre-clinical and clinical applications against solid tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on oncolytic viruses.
  • Analysis of OV mechanisms including direct oncolysis and immunogenic cell death.
  • Examination of OV modifications and combination strategies with other therapies.

Main Results:

  • OVs exhibit direct tumor cell lysis and indirect immune activation.
  • Various OV types (adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, etc.) are under investigation.
  • Modifications enhance OV efficacy, safety, and targeting.
  • Combination therapies with chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Oncolytic viruses represent a significant advancement in cancer immunotherapy.
  • Further research and clinical trials are essential to optimize OV-based treatments.
  • Combination strategies are key to overcoming challenges in solid tumor treatment.