Digital dependence and its association with weight and body image among female medical students in Pakistan: a large cross-sectional study

The rapid global rise in smartphone use has led to increasing concerns about digital dependency, particularly nomophobia-the fear of being without one's mobile device. This study examines the relationship between digital dependence, weight disturbances, and body image perceptions among female medical students in Pakistan, a population under considerable academic and psychosocial stress.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1115 female medical students using stratified random sampling. Participants completed an online survey assessing smartphone usage, body image perception, and general well-being. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression to identify predictors of well-being.

High levels of smartphone use were common, with 28.3% using their phones for over 5 h daily and 94.4% engaging with them before sleep. Approximately 48.5% reported discomfort without constant phone access. Notably, 77.6% perceived societal pressure from digital media, and 86.9% believed that photo-editing filters contribute to unrealistic body standards. Regression analysis revealed that satisfaction with body weight (B = 0.241, p < 0.001), frequency of smartphone checks (B = 0.149, p = 0.025), and regular breaks from smartphone use (B = 0.290, p = 0.001) were positively associated with well-being, while extended digital detoxes (B =  - 0.298, p = 0.042) and prolonged usage (B =  - 0.277, p = 0.048) had negative effects. The model explained 16.1% of the variance in general well-being. The survey had a response rate of 93.2% (1115 out of 1197 participants).

Digital dependence among female medical students demonstrates both positive and negative associations with psychological well-being and body image. These findings highlight the importance of digital health literacy, institutional wellness programs, and mental health support for students. Future longitudinal studies are needed to examine causality and guide interventions.