Recent advances in gradient biomimetic scaffolds for tendon-bone interface regeneration

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Tissue Engineering
• Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

• Tendon-bone interface (TBI) injuries present significant challenges in orthopedics and sports medicine.
• Traditional repair methods struggle due to the native TBI's complex gradients, leading to poor outcomes and re-tears.
• Reconstructing the functional structure of the TBI necessitates mimicking its inherent gradient properties.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review recent advancements in gradient biomimetic scaffolds for TBI regeneration.
• To discuss the design principles, biomimetic strategies, and fabrication techniques for these scaffolds.
• To analyze current challenges and future research directions in the field.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on gradient biomimetic scaffolds for TBI.
• Analysis of native TBI structure, function, and injury repair challenges.
• Discussion of scaffold design principles, biomaterials, and fabrication methods (electrospinning, 3D printing, microfluidics).

Main Results:

• Gradient biomimetic scaffolds offer a promising solution for functional TBI regeneration by mimicking native tissue gradients.
• Various biomaterials (natural/synthetic polymers, inorganic materials) and fabrication techniques are suitable for constructing these scaffolds.
• Key challenges include achieving structural accuracy, controlling biological functions, vascularization, and immunocompatibility.

Conclusions:

• Gradient biomimetic scaffolds represent a significant advancement in TBI repair strategies.
• Further research is needed to address challenges in structural mimicry, biological control, vascularization, and immunocompatibility.
• Future directions include smart scaffolds, multi-gradient integration, personalized manufacturing, and clinical translation.