Cell-Membrane-Camouflaged Biomimetic Nanomedicines for Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Treatment

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) involves complex pathological processes, including multifaceted inflammatory responses and the extensive recruitment of immune cells, ultimately leading to neuronal damage and functional impairment. Although nanomedicine-based delivery platforms have demonstrated considerable potential in the treatment of CIRI, their therapeutic efficacy is frequently hindered by rapid systemic clearance and non-specific biodistribution. In recent years, Cell-Membrane-Camouflaged Biomimetic Nanomedicines (CMBNs) have emerged as a promising strategy to address these challenges, owing to their inherent biocompatibility and targeting capabilities. By mimicking the structure and function of natural cell membranes, these nanosystems enable immune evasion, extend systemic circulation, and enhance targeted delivery to sites of inflammation. This review systematically summarizes the preparation methods of CMBNs, elucidates the functional properties imparted by membranes derived from various cellular sources (including erythrocytes, platelets, and immune cells), and discusses the targeting enhancements achieved via surface modifications. Furthermore, this review addresses the challenges faced in the clinical translation of these bio-nanosystems, including large-scale production, quality control, potential toxicity and biosafety concerns. By thoroughly examining the application of cell membrane-based bionanosystems in CIRI therapy, this review aims to offer both theoretical and practical guidance for the future development of efficient and safe bionanotherapeutics.