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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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Histone supply: a precious commodity for cell identity.

Sara Gonske1,2, Thelma M Escobar1,2, Alejandra Loyola3,4

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, U.S.A.

The Biochemical Journal
|September 25, 2025
PubMed
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Histone supply is crucial for eukaryotic cell survival, regulating DNA packaging into chromatin. Maintaining histone homeostasis ensures genome stability and cell fate, impacting gene expression and cellular identity.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Histones are essential proteins for packaging DNA into chromatin, crucial for gene expression and cellular identity.
  • The histone supply chain, encompassing transcription, synthesis, recycling, and degradation, is tightly regulated.
  • Histone homeostasis is fundamental for maintaining genome stability and cell fate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical steps in the histone supply chain.
  • To emphasize the impact of histone supply on chromatin structure and cellular identity.
  • To highlight proteins regulating histone supply and the consequences of its disruption.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on histone H3 and H4 supply dynamics.
  • Discussion of H2A and H2B dynamics.
  • Analysis of studies on the clinical impact of altered histone supply.

Main Results:

  • The histone supply chain is a multi-step process vital for chromatin organization.
  • Disruptions in histone supply can lead to altered chromatin structure and cellular identity.
  • Key proteins supervise histone supply, and their dysregulation has significant consequences.

Conclusions:

  • Histone homeostasis is a critical determinant of genome stability and cell fate.
  • Understanding the histone supply chain is essential for comprehending cellular function and disease.
  • Further research into histone supply regulation may offer therapeutic insights.