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Related Concept Videos

The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
Vision01:24

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
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Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees Apis mellifera
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How honeybees perceive and traverse apertures.

T Jakobi1, M Garratt1, M Srinivasan2

  • 1School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.

The Journal of Experimental Biology
|September 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Honeybees adjust flight paths through openings based on aperture size and shape. They use visual cues from the ventral edge to maintain a safe passage, modulating speed and altitude.

Keywords:
Aperture perceptionHoneybee neuroethologyOptic flow

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Area of Science:

  • Insect behavior
  • Biophysics
  • Visual navigation

Background:

  • Flying insects access food through vegetation openings.
  • Visual strategies for aperture negotiation in insects are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate visual and geometric parameters influencing honeybee flight through apertures.
  • Understand honeybee spatial distribution patterns and trajectories during passage.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded honeybee flight through apertures of varying shapes and sizes using high-speed cameras.
  • Analyzed spatial distribution patterns and trajectories.

Main Results:

  • Bees flew along the aperture's bilateral center, adjusting vertical position based on size (closer to vertical center for smaller, lower for larger apertures).
  • Off-center entries led to accessing the vertical center, influenced by the lower edge's curvature.
  • Bees modulated speed and altitude, maintaining a preferred ventral optic flow magnitude for safe navigation.

Conclusions:

  • Honeybees actively modulate flight trajectories in response to spatial constraints.
  • They demonstrate an awareness of vertical and horizontal constraints, preferring curvature-dependent altitudes for safe passage.
  • Navigation relies on visual information from a narrow ventral field to manage confined spaces.