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Frequency response analysis in electrical circuits provides vital insights into a circuit's behavior as the frequency of the input signal changes. The transfer function, a mathematical tool, is instrumental in understanding this behavior. It defines the relationship between phasor output and input and comes in four types: voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, and transfer admittance. The critical components of the transfer function are the poles and zeros.
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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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A hybrid multi-node QKD-ECC architecture for securing IoT networks.

Rajnish Chaturvedi1, Dinesh Sahu1, Brijendra Pratap Singh1

  • 1SCSET, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.

Scientific Reports
|September 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces MNQ-ECC, a quantum-resilient security framework for Internet of Things (IoT) networks. It enhances key generation efficiency and reduces encryption overhead, offering robust protection against quantum computing threats.

Keywords:
Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC)IoT network securityMulti-node communicationQuantum cryptographyQuantum key distribution (QKD)

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Area of Science:

  • Cybersecurity
  • Quantum Computing
  • Network Security

Background:

  • Internet of Things (IoT) expansion presents significant security challenges.
  • Limited device resources and quantum computing threats necessitate advanced cryptographic solutions.
  • Traditional methods like RSA and AES are insufficient for quantum-era IoT security.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a lightweight and quantum-resilient security framework for IoT networks.
  • To integrate Multi-Node Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) with Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC).
  • To enhance security against classical and quantum threats in multi-node IoT environments.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the Multi-Node Quantum Key Distribution with Elliptic Curve Cryptography (MNQ-ECC) framework.
  • Implemented a four-phase security architecture: pre-deployment, registration, login, and authentication.
  • Conducted performance evaluations using Qiskit simulators under diverse network conditions.

Main Results:

  • MNQ-ECC demonstrated 99.5% resistance to quantum attacks.
  • Achieved a 30% improvement in key generation efficiency compared to standard ECC.
  • Reduced encryption overhead by 20% while maintaining low latency and high scalability.

Conclusions:

  • The MNQ-ECC framework effectively secures IoT networks against evolving cyber threats.
  • It offers a scalable, low-latency, and quantum-resilient solution for modern IoT applications.
  • The proposed framework addresses the limitations of traditional cryptography in the face of quantum computing.