Risk Factors and Outcomes in Patients With Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Introduction Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is a common cause of hospitalization and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. Objectives To determine the risk factors and in-hospital outcomes in patients admitted with acute exacerbation of COPD. Methodology This retrospective analysis was conducted at Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2022 to January 2025. A total of 355 patients were enrolled using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Demographic details (age, gender, smoking status, residence), clinical history (duration of COPD, previous exacerbations, comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension), presenting symptoms, and initial investigations, including arterial blood gases, complete blood count, chest X-ray, and C-reactive protein, were recorded. Results The mean age of patients was 64.8 ± 9.5 years, with a male predominance of 226(63.7%). A majority, 271(76.3%), were chronic smokers. Common comorbidities included hypertension 148(41.7%), diabetes mellitus 104(29.3%), and ischemic heart disease (IHD) 47(13.2%). Non-invasive ventilation was required in 137(38.6%) of cases, while 48(13.5%) needed invasive mechanical ventilation. ICU admission was required in 67(18.9%) of patients. In-hospital mortality occurred in 34(9.5%) of patients. Significant predictors of poor outcomes included older age (>70 years), IHD, high baseline dyspnea score, and requirement for mechanical ventilation (p < 0.05). Conclusion AECOPD leads to high hospitalization and mortality rates, particularly among elderly patients and those with comorbidities like IHD and diabetes. Identifying modifiable risk factors can help improve survival and reduce complications in these patients.