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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
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Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

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Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

A Novel Microdissection Approach to Recovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific Transcripts from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Lung Granulomas
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Non-Tuberculous Laryngeal Granulomas: Systematic Review and Case Series.

Seraphina Key1, Michael Fook-Ho Lee1,2, William Jiang3

  • 1Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.

ANZ Journal of Surgery
|September 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing laryngeal granulomas requires a high suspicion for autoimmune and infectious causes. This study reviews diagnostic pathways for these challenging submucosal lesions.

Keywords:
autoimmunelaryngeal granulomalarynxneoplasmssystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Pathology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Submucosal laryngeal lesions can mimic tumors, causing diagnostic challenges.
  • While Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a common cause, non-tuberculous granulomas have diverse etiologies.
  • A systematic review and case series were conducted to clarify the diagnostic process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the diagnostic process for submucosal laryngeal granulomas.
  • To identify various infectious and autoimmune etiologies of laryngeal granulomas.
  • To propose a diagnostic pathway for granulomatous disease in laryngeal biopsies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of MeSH terms 'granuloma' and 'larynx'.
  • Inclusion of studies on non-malignant, non-autoimmune, non-infectious laryngeal granulomatous disease.
  • Retrospective case series data collection and risk of bias assessment using JBI and ROBIN-I tools.

Main Results:

  • Nine papers with 30 patients were included, detailing infectious causes like leishmaniasis and histoplasmosis.
  • Sarcoidosis was proposed as an autoimmune cause.
  • Repeat biopsies and open biopsies were sometimes necessary for non-diagnostic microlaryngoscopy cases.

Conclusions:

  • A high index of suspicion is crucial for managing autoimmune and infectious laryngeal granulomas.
  • Current autoimmune testing is non-specific, and repeat biopsies may be indicated.
  • International collaboration could facilitate a standardized diagnostic pathway for laryngeal granulomatous biopsies.