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Related Concept Videos

Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
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Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
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MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry01:19

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Mass spectrometry is a powerful characterization technique that can identify and separate a wide variety of compounds ranging from chemical to biological entities, based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The instruments that allow this detection, known as mass spectrometers, have three components: an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. These spectrometers differ based on the nature of their ion source and analyzers.Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a commonly...
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Tandem mass spectrometry, also known as MS/MS or MS2, is an analytical technique that employs two mass analyzers. Essentially it is a series of mass spectrometers that helps isolate a particular biomolecule and then helps study its chemical properties.
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This lesson details the instrumentation of a mass spectrometer—a physical instrument to perform mass spectrometry on analyte molecules and record the characteristic mass spectra. This is achieved via three chief functions:
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Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)01:08

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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a powerful analytical technique used in mass spectrometry. It enables the identification and characterization of various biomolecules, including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. MALDI is an ionization technique, widely employed in biological and medical research, as well as in fields like pharmacology and biochemistry.The analyte of interest, a biomolecule or a mixture of biomolecules, is mixed with a suitable matrix...
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Improved Polymerase Chain Reaction-restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping of Toxic Pufferfish by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
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Mass spectrometry based precision diagnostics: on the cusp of selective testing.

Michelle P van der Helm1, L Renee Ruhaak1, Christa M Cobbaert1

  • 1Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 4501 Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) , Leiden, The Netherlands.

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
|September 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Precision diagnostics, a key part of P5 medicine, uses selective testing for better patient management. Mass spectrometry (MS) offers molecular insights, improving diagnostic accuracy and enabling personalized, preventive care.

Keywords:
(add-on) molecular testingP5 medicinemass spectrometryprecision diagnosticsproteinssmall molecules

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Area of Science:

  • Laboratory medicine
  • Molecular diagnostics
  • Personalized medicine (P5 medicine)

Background:

  • Advances in human biology and technology are driving improvements in patient care.
  • Current diagnostic pathways face challenges due to suboptimal tests, leading to misclassification and patient harm.
  • Molecular methods offer standardization and metrological traceability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the role of mass spectrometry (MS) in laboratory medicine.
  • To highlight the potential of precision diagnostics for overcoming current diagnostic inadequacies.
  • To guide laboratory specialists on selecting molecularly defined tests for patient benefit.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the current applications of mass spectrometry (MS) in laboratory medicine.
  • Discussion of laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) and commercially available tests utilizing MS.
  • Exploration of future applications of MS in diagnostics.

Main Results:

  • Mass spectrometry (MS) is emerging as a powerful tool for selective testing, potentially replacing or supplementing immunoassays.
  • MS enables a deeper understanding of interindividual diversity and molecular (patho-)biology.
  • Selective testing, guided by molecular definition, can improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • A shift towards precision diagnostics and selective testing is crucial for accurate patient classification and benefit.
  • Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a vital role in advancing precision diagnostics.
  • Embracing molecular insights and patient diversity supports early detection and a transition to preventive, personalized healthcare.