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Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level

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Sophisticated Interfaces Between Biosensors and Organoids: Advancing Towards Intelligent Multimodal Monitoring

Yuqi Chen^1,2, Shuge Liu^1,2, Yating Chen^1,2

¹Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.

|September 26, 2025

Summary

Organoids integrated with biosensors offer miniaturized models for drug development and disease research. This review outlines sensing technologies and multimodal approaches to advance organoid intelligence and biomimicry.

Keywords:

biosensors electrochemical sensors microelectrode arrays microfluidics multimodal technology nanomaterials organoids

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Organoid Technology
Biosensing

Background:

Organoids serve as in vitro models for human physiology and disease.
Integrating biosensors enhances organoid utility in drug development, toxicity testing, and personalized medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a framework for selecting organoid sensing technologies.
To promote advancements in organoid sensing for biomimicry and intelligence.

Main Methods:

Systematic review and comparison of organoid sensing technologies.
Discussion of microfluidic, electrophysiological (MEA), optical, mechanical, FET-based, biohybrid, and label-free methods.
Exploration of multimodal sensing strategies.

Main Results:

Various sensing modalities for organoids are outlined and compared.
Multimodal approaches, like combining MEA and mechanical force sensing, offer comprehensive analysis.
Integration strategies enhance biomimicry and intelligence in organoid systems.

Conclusions:

Organoid-biosensor integration is transforming biomedical research.
Multimodal sensing overcomes limitations of single modalities for dynamic organoid analysis.
Future challenges include sensor implantation, signal stability, and clinical translation standardization.