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Fiber Bragg Grating Embedded 3D-Printed Insole with Commercial and Portable Reader for Stance Phase Determination.

Arnaldo Leal-Junior^1,2, Mariana Silveira¹, Jan Nedoma³

¹Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil.

|September 26, 2025

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This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed a 3D-printed insole with Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors to estimate ground reaction forces (GRF). The FBG-embedded insole accurately captured gait phases and GRF curves in healthy volunteers.

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Biomedical Engineering
Sensor Technology

Background:

Accurate ground reaction force (GRF) measurement is crucial for gait analysis and clinical applications.
Existing GRF measurement systems can be expensive, bulky, or intrusive.
Novel, cost-effective, and wearable sensor solutions are needed for accessible gait analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a 3D-printed insole integrated with a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) array for estimating ground reaction forces (GRF).
To assess the performance of the FBG-based insole system in a healthy volunteer during gait analysis.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a 3D-printed insole incorporating a 5-FBG array, based on a scanned commercial insole.
Characterization of FBG sensitivity to applied transverse force, yielding a mean sensitivity of 0.11 ± 0.10 pm/N.

Keywords:

fiber bragg gratings ground reaction forces instrumented insoles wearable sensing

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Integration of a portable FBG signal acquisition system with the insole for real-time GRF data collection.

Testing the system on a healthy volunteer to analyze gait parameters and GRF patterns.

Main Results:

The FBG array demonstrated a mean sensitivity of 0.11 ± 0.10 pm/N for transverse force.
Gait analysis of the healthy volunteer showed stance and swing phases of 41.0 ± 6.5% and 59 ± 6.5%, respectively, aligning with literature values.
Correlation analysis revealed a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.904) between measured GRF and the conventional M-shaped GRF curve, detecting all stance phase subdivisions.

Conclusions:

The developed 3D-printed insole with an embedded FBG array is a viable tool for estimating ground reaction forces.
The system accurately captures key gait phases and GRF characteristics, demonstrating potential for portable and accessible gait analysis.
This technology offers a promising approach for non-invasive, real-time biomechanical monitoring in clinical and research settings.