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Related Concept Videos

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry01:28

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry

The Diels–Alder reaction is one of the robust methods for synthesizing unsaturated six-membered rings. The reaction involves a concerted cyclic movement of six π electrons: four π electrons from the diene and two π electrons from the dienophile.
Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienes01:29

Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienes

The Diels–Alder reaction brings together a diene and a dienophile to form a six-membered ring. Both components have unique characteristics that influence the rate of the reaction.
Characteristics of the diene
Conformation
The simplest example of a diene is 1,3-butadiene, an acyclic conjugated π system. At room temperature, the molecule exists as a mixture of s-cis and s-trans conformers by virtue of rotation around the carbon–carbon single bond. Although the s-trans isomer is more stable, the...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry01:29

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry

Diels–Alder reactions between cyclic dienes locked in an s-cis configuration and dienophiles yield bridged bicyclic products.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

An Injectable and Drug-loaded Supramolecular Hydrogel for Local Catheter Injection into the Pig Heart
10:28

An Injectable and Drug-loaded Supramolecular Hydrogel for Local Catheter Injection into the Pig Heart

Published on: June 7, 2015

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CMC-Based Injectable Hydrogels Crosslinked by Diels-Alder Chemistry for Wound Healing Applications.

Israr Ali1, Urwa Shahid2, Seon-Hwa Kim2

  • 1Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New injectable hydrogels made from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) offer a promising solution for chronic wound healing. These biocompatible and antibacterial hydrogels provide sustained drug release for improved tissue regeneration.

Keywords:
carboxymethyl cellulosecurcumindrug releaseinjectable hydrogelwound healing

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Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Wound Healing Technologies

Background:

  • Chronic wounds present significant healthcare challenges due to impaired healing and limitations of conventional treatments.
  • Existing wound care methods often fall short in drug delivery, tissue integration, infection control, and patient comfort.
  • Injectable hydrogels offer a minimally invasive approach for localized wound treatment, conforming to complex wound geometries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize novel carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based injectable hydrogels for chronic wound healing.
  • To evaluate the hydrogels' gelation properties, physicochemical characteristics, mechanical strength, and drug release kinetics.
  • To assess the in vitro biocompatibility and antibacterial efficacy of the developed hydrogels.

Main Methods:

  • Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was functionalized with furan groups (45%) and crosslinked with a bismaleimide crosslinker via Diels-Alder click chemistry.
  • Injectable hydrogels were formed under physiological conditions, with gelation time quantified.
  • Physicochemical properties, mechanical strength, and sustained release of curcumin were evaluated.
  • In vitro biocompatibility assays using NIH3T3 fibroblasts and antibacterial tests against E. coli were performed.

Main Results:

  • The CMC-based hydrogels demonstrated rapid gelation (<490 seconds) under physiological conditions.
  • The hydrogels exhibited favorable physicochemical and mechanical properties suitable for wound applications.
  • Sustained release of curcumin was observed, with approximately 80% released within 5 days.
  • In vitro studies confirmed excellent biocompatibility with fibroblasts and significant antibacterial activity against E. coli.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CMC-based injectable hydrogels show significant potential as advanced wound healing materials.
  • The hydrogels offer localized, sustained drug delivery, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties.
  • These findings support the use of these novel hydrogels in addressing the challenges of chronic wound management.