Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
09:38

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

Published on: September 12, 2016

12.7K

Comparison of Immunomodulatory Therapies for Cardiovascular Clinical and Inflammatory Markers Outcomes in Mild to

Rashmitha Dachepally1, Reem Sarkis2, Alvaro DonaireGarcia3

  • 1Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68114, USA.

Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
|September 26, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Combined intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and corticosteroids (GC) therapy improved short-term outcomes in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). This approach showed faster recovery in cardiovascular parameters and inflammatory markers compared to IVIG alone.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Immunology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) treatment requires further optimization.
  • Optimal therapeutic strategies for non-critically ill MIS-C patients are not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare short-term outcomes of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) monotherapy versus IVIG plus corticosteroids (GC) in hospitalized MIS-C patients.
  • To evaluate the impact of different treatment regimens on cardiovascular parameters and inflammatory markers.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of mild to moderately ill MIS-C patients (n=39) treated between April 2020 and March 2022.
  • Patients received either IVIG monotherapy (Group A) or IVIG plus GC (Group B).
  • Cardiovascular parameters, inflammatory markers, and cardiac imaging were assessed on days 1, 3, and 5.

Main Results:

  • Group B (IVIG + GC) demonstrated significant improvements in heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature by day 1.
  • Biomarkers including CRP, D-dimer, ferritin, fibrinogen, and NT-proBNP, along with lymphocyte counts, improved by day 3 in Group B.
  • Left ventricular ejection fraction improved by day 4-5 in Group B, with no significant difference in hospital stay compared to Group A.

Conclusions:

  • Combined IVIG and GC therapy offers superior short-term outcomes for MIS-C patients compared to IVIG monotherapy.
  • Cardiovascular improvements were observed prior to changes in inflammatory markers, suggesting a rapid systemic effect.
  • This combination therapy may be a more effective treatment strategy for hospitalized MIS-C patients.

Keywords:
MIS-Ccardiac involvementchildrenglucocorticoidsinflammatory biomarkersintravenous immunoglobulintreatmentventricular function

Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis III: Medical Management01:14

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...
175
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
493
Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management01:29

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management

Upon diagnosis, managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves addressing several crucial aspects. The primary goals include resting the bowel, correcting malnutrition, and providing symptomatic relief. Resting the bowel may consist of medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Correcting malnutrition is essential, often requiring dietary adjustments and nutritional supplements. Symptomatic relief aims to ease pain, diarrhea, and other discomforts in IBD.
Pharmacologic...
521
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
289
Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...
267
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
492