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Non-Invasive Detection of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Using Volatile Organic Compounds.

Chuan Hao Gui1, Zhunan Jia2, Alex Chengyao Tham1

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|September 26, 2025
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Summary

Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) breath analysis detected distinct volatile organic compound (VOC) features in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients, showing promise for non-invasive diagnosis. Further studies are needed for clinical confirmation.

Keywords:
breath analysisnasopharyngeal carcinomavolatile organic compounds

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a prevalent head and neck cancer in Asia, often diagnosed at late stages, leading to poor patient outcomes.
  • Early detection strategies are crucial for improving survival rates in NPC.
  • Non-invasive methods like breath analysis offer potential for early NPC diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the utility of volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles in exhaled breath for distinguishing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients from healthy individuals.
  • To assess the diagnostic potential of VOC features detected by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS).

Main Methods:

  • Breath samples were collected from 50 NPC patients and 40 healthy controls.
  • Exhaled VOCs were analyzed using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS).
  • Statistical analyses included univariate comparisons, multivariable regression, principal component analysis (PCA), and random forest classification, adjusting for confounders.

Main Results:

  • Seven distinct VOC features (m/z values) differed significantly between NPC patients and controls, with m089 and m175 being key discriminators.
  • Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated improved separation between the groups after normalization.
  • Random forest models achieved moderate classification accuracy for NPC detection, with robust performance after adjusting for covariates.

Conclusions:

  • Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) breath analysis can identify disease-specific VOC features in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
  • This non-invasive breath analysis technique shows promise as a potential diagnostic tool for NPC.
  • Larger validation studies and definitive identification of VOC compounds are required to establish clinical utility.