Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications: Synthesis and Properties of Ti-Based Nanocomposites

Nanobiocomposites are a class of biomaterials that include at least one phase with constituents in the nanometer range. Nanobiocomposites, a new class of materials formed by combining natural and inorganic materials (metals, ceramics, polymers, and graphene) at the nanoscale dimension, are expected to revolutionize tissue engineering and bone implant applications because of their enhanced corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity. Titanium-based nanocomposites are gaining attention in biomedical applications due to their exceptional biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. These composites typically consist of a titanium or titanium alloy matrix that is embedded with nanoscale bioactive phases, such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, polymers, or carbon-based nanomaterials. Common methods for synthesizing Ti-based nanobiocomposites and their parts, including bottom-up and top-down approaches, are presented and discussed. The synthesis conditions and appropriate functionalization influence the final properties of nanobiomaterials. By modifying the surface roughness at the nanoscale level, composite implants can be enhanced to improve tissue integration, leading to increased cell adhesion and protein adsorption. The objective of this review is to illustrate the most recent research on the synthesis and properties of Ti-based biocomposites and their scaffolds.