Ultrasound-Guided Regional Block in Renal Transplantation: Towards Personalized Pain Management

Introduction: The management of peri-operative pain significantly impacts the post-operative recovery following kidney transplant. For decades, regional blocks have been utilized for post-operative pain management following abdominal surgery. The data on the routine use of regional blocks peri-operatively during kidney transplants are limited. We aim to review our current clinical practice of peri-operative use of regional blocks during kidney transplants and management of peri-operative pain up to 24 h. Methods: A consecutive series of 100 patients who underwent kidney transplant was reviewed. All demographic data including patient's age, gender, race, and body mass index were collected. Pre-transplant co-morbidities were summarized for all patients and included the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they received a transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block. Group A consisted of patients who received an ultrasound-guided TAP block, while Group B included patients who did not receive any form of TAP block. The intra-operative and post-operative use of analgesia was recorded for up to 24 h post kidney transplant. All peri-operative complications were reviewed. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test was used to compare symptoms (nausea, vomiting, and pruritus) between the two groups. Similarly, the use of analgesia was also compared. Results: A total of 100 patients were identified and equally distributed between the two groups [Group A = 50 (TAP block), Group B = 50 (non-TAP block)]. There was a statistically significant reduction in the use of intraoperative fentanyl (p = 0.04) in Group A. There was no difference in the post-operative use of hydromorphone (p = 0.665), oxycodone (p = 0.75), and acetaminophen (p = 0.64) up to 24 h after the kidney transplant procedure. There was no difference between post-operative nausea (p = 0.766), vomiting (p = 0.436), and pruritus. There were no complications recorded secondary to the use of regional blocks in Group A. Conclusions: The use of regional anesthesia in kidney transplant recipients is a safe approach without complications. The study concluded that regional blocks decrease the use of intra-operative opioids. However, there was no difference in the use of post-operative requirements for analgesia or side effects up to 24 h after kidney transplant.