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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans
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What Do We Know About Cryptococcus spp. in Portugal? One Health Systematic Review in a Comprehensive 13-Year

Ricardo Lopes1,2,3, Andreia Garcês4,5, Hugo Lima de Carvalho3

  • 1Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.

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|September 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection, affects pets and birds in Portugal, with specific species found in different animals and regions. Surveillance is crucial for prevention and control.

Keywords:
Cryptococcus gattii complexCryptococcus neoformans complexMALDI-TOF MSOne HealthPlanetary HealthPortugalcryptococcosisenvironmental reservoirssystematic reviewzoonoses

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Mycology
  • One Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cryptococcosis is an environmentally acquired mycosis caused by pathogenic Cryptococcus species.
  • It has significant One Health implications, affecting animals, humans, and the environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the eco-epidemiology of cryptococcosis in Portugal.
  • To integrate systematic review data with veterinary case data.
  • To inform targeted prevention and control strategies.

Main Methods:

  • PRISMA-compliant systematic review (2000-2025) and retrospective analysis of veterinary cases (2013-2025).
  • Culture and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for species identification.
  • Statistical analysis (χ², Fisher's exact tests) for associations.

Main Results:

  • 4.5% of 1059 submissions were culture-positive (canine 6.8%, feline 5.3%, avian 4.0%).
  • Cryptococcus neoformans predominated in carnivores; Papiliotrema laurentii in birds.
  • Seasonal peaks (July, summer) and regional variations (Centre region) were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated compartmentalized eco-epidemiology of Cryptococcus spp. in Portugal.
  • Confirmed autochthonous C. gattii and widespread C. neoformans contamination.
  • Highlighted the need for integrated surveillance and molecular typing for effective control.