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Sexual Crosses with the Mucoromycete Phycomyces blakesleeanus

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Phase Separation-Regulated Fungal Growth, Sexual Development, Adaptation and Synthetic Biology Applications.

Xinxin Tong¹, Daixi Zhang¹, Zhenhong Zhu²

¹The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Resources Breeding Base of Co-Founded, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.

Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 26, 2025

Summary

Environmental cues trigger fungal liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), forming membraneless organelles (MLOs). This review explores LLPS in fungal biology and its engineering potential for biotechnology.

Keywords:

environmental cues fungal biology liquid–liquid phase separation synthetic biology

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Area of Science:

Biophysics
Molecular Biology
Mycology

Background:

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) drives the formation of membraneless organelles (MLOs) from proteins and nucleic acids.
Environmental stimuli dynamically regulate LLPS in fungal proteins, influencing growth, reproduction, and adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advances in environmental cue-triggered fungal condensates formed by LLPS.
To highlight the roles of these condensates in fungal physical biology and cellular processes.
To discuss engineering synthetic condensates for enhanced microbial cell factory efficiency.

Main Methods:

Literature review of current research on LLPS in fungi.
Analysis of LLPS roles in fungal transcription, RNA modification, translation, PTM, transport, and stress response.
Exploration of strategies for engineering synthetic biomolecular condensates.

Main Results:

LLPS is crucial for fungal adaptation and pathogenesis, regulated by environmental cues.
Fungal condensates modulate key cellular processes, including gene expression and stress management.
Engineering LLPS offers potential for improving biosynthesis and metabolic efficiency in microbial factories.

Conclusions:

Environmental cue-induced LLPS is a key regulator of fungal biology and cellular functions.
Harnessing LLPS through synthetic condensate engineering presents a promising avenue for biotechnological applications and metabolic engineering in fungi.