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Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

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Effects of Thigh and Leg Rotation on Sagittal Knee Angle During Static Assessment.

Bruna Nichele da Rosa¹, Edgar Santiago Wagner Neto¹, Matias Noll^2,3

¹Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil.

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology

|September 26, 2025

Summary

Thigh and leg rotation significantly impact knee angle measurements. Ignoring these rotations can lead to inaccurate assessments in clinical practice.

Keywords:

knee posture rotation

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Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Biomechanics
Knee Kinematics

Background:

Rotational changes in the femur and tibia, particularly in the orthostatic position, can introduce errors in 2D knee measurements.
Accurate sagittal knee angle assessment is crucial for diagnosing and managing lower limb conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of thigh and leg rotation on sagittal knee angle measurements.
To quantify the effects of internal and external rotation on knee joint angles.

Main Methods:

A physical lower limb model was used to simulate thigh and leg rotation (±50°).
Three-dimensional kinematics were employed to measure the sagittal knee angle using distinct protocols.
Key anatomical landmarks were marked on the model for precise measurement.

Main Results:

Internal rotation of the thigh and leg increased the sagittal knee angle (3.1°–6.3° for thigh, 0.9°–3.6° for leg).
External rotation of the thigh and leg decreased the sagittal knee angle (-5.2°–-7.8° for thigh, 0.1°–-5.5° for leg).

Conclusions:

Thigh and leg rotation are significant factors affecting sagittal knee measurements.
Failure to account for rotational variations can result in erroneous clinical assessments.