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Guidelines for Writing Outcome

Guidelines for Writing Outcome

When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care...

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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Intense Pulsed Light for the Treatment of Dry Eye Owing to Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

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Published on: April 1, 2019

Development of a Patient-Centered Outcome Tool for Blepharospasm: A Stepwise Modified Delphi Study.

Brian D Berman¹, Fares Qeadan², Amanda D Henderson³

¹Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.

|September 26, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new patient-centered outcome (PCO) tool effectively measures blepharospasm (BSP) symptoms. This 17-item tool, developed through a Delphi approach, aids in assessing treatment responses and developing improved therapies for BSP.

Keywords:

blepharospasm botulinum neurotoxin patient-centered outcomes self-assessments symptom monitoring treatment tracking

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Ophthalmology
Patient-Reported Outcomes

Background:

Blepharospasm (BSP) involves involuntary eyelid closure due to excessive orbicularis oculi muscle activity.
Current treatments like Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) offer only partial, temporary relief, resulting in fluctuating patient responses.
A need exists for a simple, efficient tool to measure BSP symptoms from the patient's perspective.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a novel patient-centered outcome (PCO) tool for assessing blepharospasm (BSP) symptoms.
To create a tool that can capture the cyclical nature of BSP symptoms and treatment responses.
To provide a resource for future research on improved BSP treatments.

Main Methods:

A stepwise modified Delphi approach was employed, starting with data from over 200 individuals with BSP.
Item analysis utilized Random Forests, followed by iterative refinement with specialist panels, patient advocacy groups, and focus groups.
Online surveys with 330 individuals with BSP validated item relevance, with final content validity ratio ensuring clarity and agreement.

Main Results:

A 17-item patient-centered outcome (PCO) tool for blepharospasm (BSP) was successfully developed.
The tool covers three key domains: motor symptoms, disability, and psychosocial impact/quality of life.
The PCO tool is designed for easy use on smartphones and tablets.

Conclusions:

The developed PCO tool offers a user-friendly method for evaluating BSP symptoms and their impact.
This tool can characterize the waxing and waning response to Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) treatments in individual patients.
It serves as a vital instrument for future investigations into novel therapies, including longer-acting BoNT preparations or adjunctive treatments for blepharospasm.