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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Quantification of Fungal Colonization, Sporogenesis, and Production of Mycotoxins Using Kernel Bioassays

Quantification of Fungal Colonization, Sporogenesis, and Production of Mycotoxins Using Kernel Bioassays

Published on: April 23, 2012

Integrated Assessment of Fungi Contamination and Mycotoxins Levels Across the Rice Processing Chain.

Carolina Sousa Monteiro¹, Eugénia Pinto^2,3, Rosalía López-Ruiz⁴

¹LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.

|September 26, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Fungal and mycotoxin contamination persists in rice even after processing. This study highlights the need for better rice safety measures to protect consumers from harmful fungal toxins.

Keywords:

Alternaria LC-MS/MS Penicillium cluster analysis food contamination food safety fungi mycotoxins rice processing

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Area of Science:

Food Science
Mycology
Agricultural Science

Background:

Fungi and mycotoxins pose significant risks in food supply chains.
Rice processing can alter fungal and mycotoxin profiles, but risks may persist.
Understanding contamination dynamics is crucial for food safety.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate fungal and mycotoxin occurrence in rice processing.
To compare contamination levels in two rice varieties.
To assess the impact of processing on fungal and mycotoxin loads.

Main Methods:

Isolation and identification of fungal genera (Penicillium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Talaromyces).
Multi-mycotoxin screening for 22 toxins.
Cluster analysis to group rice samples based on fungal and toxin profiles.

Main Results:

Variety II showed higher Alternaria prevalence (63%) and significant tenuazonic acid (TeA) contamination (>4000 µg/kg).
Processing reduced fungal loads but TeA, zearalenone (ZEN), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), and citrinin (CIT) persisted.
Alternaria co-clustered with TeA and ZEN, indicating field contamination.

Conclusions:

Rice polishing does not eliminate mycotoxin risks.
Integrated management across the rice supply chain is essential.
Consumer health hazards from fungal contaminants require comprehensive surveillance.