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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nuclear Export01:42

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Updated: Jan 16, 2026

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

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Molecular Crowing in Nuclear Pore.

Masahiro Kumeta1,2

  • 1Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. kumeta@lif.kyoto-u.ac.jp.

Sub-Cellular Biochemistry
|September 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear pores control molecular traffic using a crowded channel. Recent findings suggest that phase separation of pore components and transport molecules is key to this selective barrier function.

Keywords:
FG-NupHydrogelKaryopherinNPCNuclear pore complexNuclear transportNucleoporinNup

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Nuclear pores are essential for nucleocytoplasmic transport, regulating molecular traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • The central channel of nuclear pores acts as a selective barrier due to a highly crowded, intrinsically disordered region.
  • Recent studies highlight the phase separation properties of nuclear pore components and transport molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the nucleocytoplasmic transport system and nuclear pore complex composition.
  • To detail recent research on the characteristics of nuclear pores and transported molecules.
  • To introduce factors influencing the molecular crowding barrier's function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of nucleocytoplasmic transport.
  • Analysis of nuclear pore complex composition and function.
  • Review of studies on molecular crowding and phase separation in nuclear pores.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear pores facilitate high-volume molecular traffic (~1000 molecules/sec) through a selective permeability barrier.
  • The barrier is formed by a crowded, intrinsically disordered region within the nuclear pore channel.
  • Phase separation of hydrophobic pore subunits and flexible transport molecules appears to be a fundamental mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Phase separation is proposed as a fundamental mechanism underlying nuclear pore complex function.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending cellular communication and regulation.
  • Factors influencing the molecular crowding barrier's adaptivity are important for cellular processes.