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Unlocking insights from complex data: Leveraging heat maps for decision-making in LMIC.

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Spatial heat maps reveal disparities in contraceptive and vaccine access in Pakistan, guiding better resource allocation and health system strengthening in low- and middle-income countries.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Informatics
  • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Background:

  • Health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are hampered by poor resource allocation and limited access to essential services like contraception and immunization.
  • Spatial heat maps are explored as a tool to analyze stock availability and usage patterns of contraceptives and vaccines in Pakistan.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess contraceptive and vaccine stock levels, dispensation/vaccination, and wastage across districts in Pakistan using spatial heat maps.
  • To identify regional disparities in health service delivery and understand the impact of inputs on utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from national contraceptive (cLMIS) and vaccine logistics management information systems (vLMIS).
  • Applied univariate, bivariate, and trivariate spatial heat maps to analyze stock levels, dispensation/vaccination rates, and wastage.
  • Standardized contraceptive stocks per 100,000 married women of reproductive age (MWRA) and focused on specific vaccine indicators like Pentavalent-3 (Penta3) and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).

Main Results:

  • Identified significant regional disparities, with developed regions like Punjab showing better stock availability compared to underserved areas like Balochistan.
  • Observed higher dispensation rates and stockouts in underserved regions, indicating unequal access to services.
  • Demonstrated the influence of supplies and outreach efforts on the dispensation and utilization of contraceptives and vaccines, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating spatial data visualization with health logistics data effectively identifies critical gaps in health service supply and demand.
  • This approach provides policymakers with actionable insights for resource allocation, stock management, and service outreach in LMICs.
  • The scalable and automated nature of this method makes it suitable for systems with limited analytical resources, supporting efficient health system strengthening.