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Low dissolved oxygen nitrification through kinetic selection.

Jose Jimenez1, Kayla Bauhs1, Mark Miller1

  • 1Brown and Caldwell, Walnut Creek, CA, USA.

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|September 26, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low dissolved oxygen (DO) in wastewater treatment shifts microbial communities, favoring comammox bacteria for efficient ammonia removal and potentially reducing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions.

Keywords:
Low DOMicrobial adaptationNitrificationNitrous oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Wastewater Treatment Engineering
  • Biogeochemical Cycles

Background:

  • Activated sludge plants can improve energy and carbon efficiency via low dissolved oxygen (DO) operation.
  • Understanding microbial adaptation to low DO is crucial for optimizing nitrification processes.
  • Nitrification is a key process in wastewater treatment, converting ammonia to nitrate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate microbial community adaptation to long-term low DO conditions.
  • To assess the impact of low DO on nitrification rates, microbial structure, and N2O generation.
  • To evaluate the efficiency of comammox bacteria (CMX) in low DO environments.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of findings from bench-scale and full-scale wastewater treatment experiments.
  • Analysis of microbial community structure shifts under varying DO levels.
  • Measurement of nitrification rates and nitrous oxide (N2O) generation.

Main Results:

  • Low DO favored comammox bacteria (CMX) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) over ammonia-oxidizing and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (AOB, NOB).
  • The ratio of nitrate production to ammonia removal approached 1.0 in low DO systems, indicating CMX dominance.
  • Adapted microbial communities showed higher oxygen affinity, and N2O emissions potentially decreased due to reduced AOB/NOB abundance.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term low DO operation promotes CMX dominance, enhancing complete ammonia oxidation efficiency.
  • Microbial communities adapt to low DO by increasing oxygen affinity.
  • Low DO operation may lead to reduced N2O emissions by suppressing key microbial groups involved in its production.