Progress in biomarkers and diagnostic approaches for myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the leading cardiovascular diseases that pose a serious threat to human health, characterized by sudden onset and high mortality. Timely and accurate detection of myocardial injury is critical for early diagnosis, therapeutic decision-making, and improving patient outcomes. Traditional biomarkers, such as myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB, and cardiac troponins, as well as emerging biomarkers, including high-sensitivity cardiac troponins, microRNAs, and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, have demonstrated significant clinical utility in the diagnosis of MI. In addition, advances in biosensor technologies have further expanded the diagnostic toolbox. This review summarizes recent progress in biomarker- and sensor-based approaches for the laboratory diagnosis of MI, aiming to provide insights for clinical practice and patient management.