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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
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A contingency table provides a way of portraying data that can facilitate calculating probabilities. It is a method of displaying a frequency distribution as a table with rows and columns to show how two variables may be dependent (contingent) upon each other; The table helps determine conditional probabilities quite quickly and can help systematically organize, analyze and quantify data. The table displays sample values concerning two variables that may be dependent or contingent on one...
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Relationship between shingles and coronavirus disease 2019: a self-controlled case series study.

Tomoki Mizuno1,2, Jun Suzuki1,2,3, Shota Takahashi2

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Miyagi, Japan.

International Journal of Epidemiology
|September 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study found a significant increase in shingles risk after COVID-19 infection. Early vaccination against varicella-zoster virus is recommended in the COVID-19 era.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2databasepandemicself-controlled case series designshingles

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Limited real-world data exists on shingles risk post-COVID-19.
  • Previous studies suggest a potential link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and shingles.
  • This research addresses the gap by examining clinical data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between COVID-19 and shingles.
  • To evaluate the risk of shingles following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a real-world setting.
  • To inform public health strategies regarding vaccination.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Japanese claims database (Jan 2020-Jan 2023).
  • Employed self-controlled case series methods to analyze 399,381 COVID-19 patients.
  • Assessed shingles diagnosis within 90 days of COVID-19 diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • 558 COVID-19 patients developed shingles.
  • Significantly elevated shingles incidence rate ratios (IRR) observed in weeks 1-2 (5.1), 3-4 (1.7), and 5-6 (1.5) post-COVID-19.
  • The risk remained elevated for up to six weeks after infection.

Conclusions:

  • A clear association exists between COVID-19 and shingles.
  • Shingles may be a characteristic manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Recommends varicella-zoster vaccination alongside COVID-19 vaccination.