Decoding immune aging at single-cell resolution

Advances in single-cell sequencing have transformed our understanding of immune aging by enabling high-resolution dissection of age-associated changes in cellular composition and function. Recent years have seen a surge in studies leveraging single-cell multi-omics to chart immune trajectories across the human lifespan, uncovering previously unrecognized heterogeneity and functional shifts in peripheral immune cells. While these technologies offer unprecedented insights, they also pose significant technical and analytical challenges, including data integration across platforms and populations. In this review, we critically examine landmark studies, compare emerging immune aging clocks, and highlight opportunities for clinical translation. By decoding immune aging at single-cell resolution, we move closer to early detection of immunosenescence, personalized immunomodulation, and precision strategies to extend healthspan in aging populations.