The opportunities and barriers for developing tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy for patients with advanced

Marine Potez1, Gabriel Roman Souza2, Philippe E Spiess2

  • 1Immuno-Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.

Nature Reviews. Urology
|September 27, 2025
PubMed

Adoptive cell therapy using tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has been a very successful model of enhancing immune-based therapies. Clinical benefits have been shown for patients with advanced melanoma, leading to the first FDA approval for this immune modality in 2024. Although clinical trials conducted decades ago for advanced renal-cell cancer did not show significant clinical benefits, recent advances in the TIL generation process, manipulation techniques, preparative regimens and combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors offer new hope for reexploring optimized TIL therapy for genitourinary cancers. The current landscape of TIL therapy has seen progress in TIL manufacturing, optimization and delivery methodologies that have the potential to improve the safety and efficacy of TIL therapy in the management of advanced genitourinary malignancies. Furthermore, innovative combination approaches and novel strategies could enhance the clinical viability of TIL therapy and warrant evaluation in clinical trials treating patients with genitourinary cancers.

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